Deep neural networks, particularly Transformers, have been widely adopted for predicting the functional properties of proteins. In this work, we focus on exploring whether Protein Transformers can capture biological intelligence among protein sequences. To achieve our goal, we first introduce a protein function dataset, namely Protein-FN, providing over 9000 protein data with meaningful labels. Second, we devise a new Transformer architecture, namely Sequence Protein Transformers (SPT), for computationally efficient protein function predictions. Third, we develop a novel Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique called Sequence Score, which can efficiently interpret the decision-making processes of protein models, thereby overcoming the difficulty of deciphering biological intelligence bided in Protein Transformers. Remarkably, even our smallest SPT-Tiny model, which contains only 5.4M parameters, demonstrates impressive predictive accuracy, achieving 94.3% on the Antibiotic Resistance (AR) dataset and 99.6% on the Protein-FN dataset, all accomplished by training from scratch. Besides, our Sequence Score technique helps reveal that our SPT models can discover several meaningful patterns underlying the sequence structures of protein data, with these patterns aligning closely with the domain knowledge in the biology community. We have officially released our Protein-FN dataset on Hugging Face Datasets https://huggingface.co/datasets/Protein-FN/Protein-FN. Our code is available at https://github.com/fudong03/BioIntelligence.

The genes in nature give the lives on earth the current biological intelligence through transmission and accumulation over billions of years. Inspired by the biological intelligence, artificial intelligence (AI) has devoted to building the machine intelligence. Although it has achieved thriving successes, the machine intelligence still lags far behind the biological intelligence. The reason may lie in that animals are born with some intelligence encoded in their genes, but machines lack such intelligence and learn from scratch. Inspired by the genes of animals, we define the ``genes'' of machines named as the ``learngenes'' and propose the Genetic Reinforcement Learning (GRL). GRL is a computational framework that simulates the evolution of organisms in reinforcement learning (RL) and leverages the learngenes to learn and evolve the intelligence agents. Leveraging GRL, we first show that the learngenes take the form of the fragments of the agents' neural networks and can be inherited across generations. Second, we validate that the learngenes can transfer ancestral experience to the agents and bring them instincts and strong learning abilities. Third, we justify the Lamarckian inheritance of the intelligent agents and the continuous evolution of the learngenes. Overall, the learngenes have taken the machine intelligence one more step toward the biological intelligence.

Juncal Arbelaiz Mugica is a native of Spain, where octopus is a common menu item. However, Arbelaiz appreciates octopus and similar creatures in a different way, with her research into soft-robotics theory. More than half of an octopus' nerves are distributed through its eight arms, each of which has some degree of autonomy. This distributed sensing and information processing system intrigued Arbelaiz, who is researching how to design decentralized intelligence for human-made systems with embedded sensing and computation. At MIT, Arbelaiz is an applied math student who is working on the fundamentals of optimal distributed control and estimation in the final weeks before completing her PhD this fall.

Snigdha Roy is a teen hacker who is convinced that AI can teach us about our humanity. The high school student says with the right dose of curiosity, we can learn about AI systems and use them for social good. Working with notable institutions like the Stanford Natural Language Processing (NLP) group, she built an AI therapist and technology aimed at understanding how the pandemic has changed our emotions. Who runs the largest high school hackathon in the Northeast?! Yeah, that's also Snigdha. Not to mention, she was a selected scholar at Kode With Klossy and is the former CEO of Greening Forward.

An important goal in artificial intelligence and biology is to uncover general principles that underlie intelligence. While artificial intelligence algorithms need not relate to biology, they might provide a synthetic means to investigate biological intelligence in particular. Importantly, a more complete understanding of such biological intelligence would profoundly impact society.Thus, to explore biological hypotheses some AI researchers take direct inspiration from biology. However, nature's implementations of intelligence may present only one facet of its deeper principles, complicating the search for general hypotheses. This complication motivates the approach in this paper, called radical reimplementation, whereby biological insight can result from purposefully unnatural experiments. The main idea is that biological hypotheses about intelligence can be investigated by reimplementing their main principles intentionally to explicitly and maximally diverge from existing natural examples. If such a reimplementation successfully exhibits properties similar to those seen in biology it may better isolate the underlying hypothesis than an example implemented more directly in nature's spirit. Two examples of applying radical reimplementation are reviewed, yielding potential insights into biological intelligence despite including purposefully unnatural underlying mechanisms. In this way, radical reimplementation provides a principled methodology for intentionally artificial investigations to nonetheless achieve biological relevance.

AI Researcher, Cognitive Technologist Inventor - AI Thinking, Think Chain Innovator - AIOT, XAI, Autonomous Cars, IIOT Founder Fisheyebox Spatial Computing Savant, Transformative Leader, Industry X.0 Practitioner How does biological intelligence differ from #artificialintelligence? Comparing BI with #AI. 1. Biological intelligence engages all the conscious and unconscious knowledge of a human being. That immense field stretches from genetics to culture to society and psychology. Much of it is hardly understood. Your mother's arm that holds you in an embrace, the lover's hand that gently touches your cheek, and the little gestures that tell you're loved will prove hard work for #robots. You have an immune system, a cardiovascular system, a hormonal system, a muscular system, dozens of interconnected systems.

We report a bio-inspired framework for training a neural network through reinforcement learning to induce high level functions within the network. Based on the interpretation that animals have gained their cognitive functions such as object recognition -- without ever being specifically trained for -- as a result of maximizing their fitness to the environment, we place our agent in an environment where developing certain functions may facilitate decision making. The experimental results show that high level functions, such as image classification and hidden variable estimation, can be naturally and simultaneously induced without any pre-training or specifying them.

I recently started to follow an exciting and mind-bending philosophy online course at MIT called Minds and Machines. The course is a thorough, rigorous 12 Weeks Learning Path introduction to contemporary philosophy of mind, exploring consciousness, reality, artificial intelligence (AI), and more. It is definitively one of the most in-depth philosophy courses available online that I ever frequented. The first effect of starting study philosophy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology is that I'm asking more challenging questions… the second effect is that I'm writing more about those questions. I'm in this moment, exploring the relationship between the mind and the body, the capacity of computers to think, the way we perceive reality, and the perspective of the existence of a science of consciousness. As a first result, I've started to pay particular attention to one specific question that definitively has a lot to relate to my daily work as an AI expert: what is intelligence?

All the sessions from Transform 2021 are available on-demand now. This article is part of "the philosophy of artificial intelligence," a series of posts that explore the ethical, moral, and social implications of AI today and in the future For decades, scientists have tried to create computational imitations of the brain. And for decades, the holy grail of artificial general intelligence, computers that can think and act like humans, has continued to elude scientists and researchers. Why do we continue to replicate some aspects of intelligence but fail to generate systems that can generalize their skills like humans and animals? One computer scientist who has been working on AI for three decades believes that to get past the hurdles of narrow AI, we must look at intelligence from a different and more fundamental perspective.

This article reviews the "Once learning" mechanism that was proposed 23 years ago and the subsequent successes of "One-shot learning" in image classification and "You Only Look Once - YOLO" in objective detection. Analyzing the current development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the proposal is that AI should be clearly divided into the following categories: Artificial Human Intelligence (AHI), Artificial Machine Intelligence (AMI), and Artificial Biological Intelligence (ABI), which will also be the main directions of theory and application development for AI. As a watershed for the branches of AI, some classification standards and methods are discussed: 1) Human-oriented, machine-oriented, and biological-oriented AI R&D; 2) Information input processed by Dimensionality-up or Dimensionality-reduction; 3) The use of one/few or large samples for knowledge learning.